Evaluation of Salivary Il-38 Levels in Periodontitis: A Cross-Sectional Study.

The goal of the current study was to assess levels of salivary interleukin (IL)-38, IL-1ß, and IL-10 in various periodontal clinical conditions. In total, 60 (20 healthy, 20 gingivitis, and 20 stage II-III, grade A-B periodontitis) subjects were included in the study. Demographic and clinical periodontal parameters were recorded. Samples were examined for IL-38, IL-1ß, and IL-10 levels by means of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results demonstrated that the periodontitis group had significantly lower salivary IL-38 levels (P < 0.05) than the healthy group. Salivary IL-10 levels did not differ significantly between the groups (P > 0.05). The salivary IL-1ß levels of gingivitis (P < 0.001) and periodontitis groups (P < 0.01) were significantly higher than those of the healthy group. The present study indicated that IL-38 level is decreased in periodontal disease. The results suggested a possible role of IL-38 in the periodontal inflammation process. Clarifying the mechanisms of IL-38 in the inflammatory process may contribute to the development of novel treatment strategies in periodontal diseases.

Evaluated periodontal tissues and oxidative stress in rats with neuropathic pain-like behavior.

BACKGROUND: Oxidative stress has a critical effect on both persistent pain states and periodontal disease. Voltage-gated sodium NaV1.7 (SCN9A), and transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) are pain genes. The goal of this study was to investigate oxidative stress markers, periodontal status, SCN9A, and TRPA1 channel expression in periodontal tissues of rats with paclitaxel-induced neuropathic pain-like behavior (NPLB). METHODS AND RESULTS: Totally 16 male Sprague Dawley rats were used: control (n = 8) and paclitaxel-induced pain (PTX) (n = 8). The alveolar bone loss and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels were analyzed histometrically and immunohistochemically. Gingival superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities (spectrophotometric assay) were measured. The relative TRPA1 and SCN9A genes expression levels were evaluated using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) in the tissues of gingiva and brain. The PTX group had significantly higher alveolar bone loss and 8-OHdG compared to the control. The PTX group had significantly lower gingival SOD, GPx and CAT activity than the control groups. The PTX group had significantly higher relative gene expression of SCN9A (p = 0.0002) and TRPA1 (p = 0.0002) than the control in gingival tissues. Increased nociceptive susceptibility may affect the increase in oxidative stress and periodontal destruction. CONCLUSIONS: Chronic pain conditions may increase TRPA1 and SCN9A gene expression in the periodontium. The data of the current study may help develop novel approaches both to maintain periodontal health and alleviate pain in patients suffering from orofacial pain.

Salivary levels of NLRC4 inflammasome in different periodontal clinical status.

OBJECTIVE: Nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor family CARD domain-containing protein 4 (NLRC4) has a critical role in the regulation of interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), an important cytokine in the pathogenesis of the periodontal diseases. In this study, we aimed to evaluate levels of salivary NLRC4 inflammasomes in different periodontal clinical statuses. METHODS: The individuals with 20 periodontally healthy (healthy), 20 gingivitis, and 20 periodontitis were periodontally examined. Saliva samples were collected, after the clinical measurements (plaque index, gingival index, gingival bleeding index, probing depth, and clinical attachment level). The levels of salivary NLRC4, IL-1ß, and interleukin 10 (IL-10) were examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: The results demonstrated that levels of salivary NLRC4 (p < 0.01), and IL-1ß (p < 0.001) were significantly higher in gingivitis and periodontitis than in the healthy group. No significant difference was salivary IL-10 levels between the groups (p > 0.05). Positive significant correlations among NLRC4 and IL-1ß salivary levels and clinical parameters were detected (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The findings of this study suggest that the NLRC4 is elevated in periodontal disease. Larger randomized controlled clinical studies are needed to use salivary NLRC4 levels as a potential marker for detecting the presence and/or severity of the periodontal disease.

Increased nociceptive sensitivity is associated with periodontal inflammation and expression of chronic pain genes in gingival tissues of male rats.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the inflammatory response, hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated 2 (HCN2), and voltage-gated potassium (Kv) 9.1 channel expression in rats with paclitaxel-induced neuropathic pain-like behavior. METHODS: Sixteen male Sprague Dawley rats were divided equally into two groups: control and paclitaxel-induced pain (PTX). The attachment loss and inflammatory cell infiltrate levels were analyzed histometrically and immunohistochemically. The gene expression of HCN2 and KCNS1 was analyzed by qPCR in the brain and gingival tissues. RESULTS: The attachment loss and prominent infiltration of inflammatory cells were significantly higher in the PTX group than in the control groups. In gingival tissues; the expression levels of HCN2 (p = 0,0011) were significantly higher and KCNS1 (p = 0,0003) were significantly lower in the PTX group than in the control groups. CONCLUSION: Increased nociceptive sensitivity, may play a role in periodontal inflammation. KCNS1 may decrease and HCN2 expression may increase in periodontium in permanent chronic pain states. The results of the present study may be helpful in developing new approaches to alleviate pain and maintain periodontal health in patients suffering from orofacial pain.

Effects of vitamin C local application on ligature-induced periodontitis in diabetic rats.

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the effects of local vitamin C treatment on tissue advanced glycation end products (AGE), interleukin (IL)-6, 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-8 in tissues; serum C-terminal telopeptide fragments (CTX); and alveolar bone loss (ABL) in rats. METHODOLOGY: 35 male Sprague Dawley rats were divided equally into five groups: 1) control (C), 2) experimental periodontitis (P), 3) experimental diabetes (D), 4) experimental diabetes and experimental periodontitis (D + P), and 5) experimental diabetes-experimental periodontitis-locally applied vitamin C (D + P + LvitC). Diabetes was induced in rats with alloxan monohydrate, after which periodontitis was induced by ligature placement in the right mandibular first molar teeth for 11 days. In the treatment group, vitamin C was administered locally three times with two-days interval after ligature removal. The animals were sacrificed, and the samples were analyzed histometrically and immunohistochemically. RESULTS: CTX, 8-OHdG, and AGE values significantly decreased in the treatment group compared to the D + P group. IL-6 and MMP-8 values decreased in the treatment group compared to the D + P group, but this is not significant. ABL was significantly reduced by the local delivery of vitamin C. CONCLUSION: This study reveals that vitamin C treatment may be beneficial to reduce serum CTX and gingival MMP-8 levels, oxidative stress, inflammation, and AGE accumulation in periodontal tissue. Vitamin C may be an immunomodulator and antioxidant locally applied in the treatment of periodontitis to reduce the adverse effects of diabetes in periodontal tissues.

Immune modulatory and antioxidant effects of locally administrated vitamin C in experimental periodontitis in rats.

Background: Vitamin C is an important water-soluble vitamin with antioxidant and immune-modulatory actions. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of locally applied vitamin C on alveolar bone resorption in rats with experimental periodontitis.Methods: Twenty-one male Sprague-Dawley rats divided into three groups with seven animals in each group: (1) control, (2) experimental periodontitis and 3) experimental periodontitis-local vitamin C treatment group. After ligature was removed, 50 µL vitamin C was locally administered into the subperiosteum of the buccal gingiva of periodontitis vitamin C (PvitC) group rats for three times in intervals of 2 days. At the end of the study, the animals were scarified, and serum and gingival samples were collected for analysis of serum IL-1ß, oxidative stress index (OSI), CTX and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and gingival MMP-8 immunostaining. Alveolar bone loss and attachment loss were determined based on measurements on histological sections obtained from rat mandibles.Results: Serum MDA and OSI levels which are related to the oxidative stress were significantly lower in the PvitC group as compared with those in the P group (p < .05). Serum CTX levels which are related to the bone resorption were significantly lower in the PvitC group as compared with those in the P group (p < .05). The numeric density of MMP-8-positive cells was significantly lower in the PvitC group compared to P group (p < .05). Alveolar bone loss and attachment loss were significantly lower in the PvitC group compared to P group (p < .05)Conclusions: The local vitamin C administration provided protection against inflammation-induced alveolar bone resorption by decreasing oxidative stress and inflammation-induced tissue breakdown vitamin C may be a therapeutic agent that can be used in periodontitis treatment.

Effects of vitamin C local application on ligature-induced periodontitis in diabetic rats

Abstract Objective: This study evaluated the effects of local vitamin C treatment on tissue advanced glycation end products (AGE), interleukin (IL)-6, 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-8 in tissues; serum C-terminal telopeptide fragments (CTX); and alveolar bone loss (ABL) in rats. Methodology: 35 male Sprague Dawley rats were divided equally into five groups: 1) control (C), 2) experimental periodontitis (P), 3) experimental diabetes (D), 4) experimental diabetes and experimental periodontitis (D + P), and 5) experimental diabetes-experimental periodontitis-locally applied vitamin C (D + P + LvitC). Diabetes was induced in rats with alloxan monohydrate, after which periodontitis was induced by ligature placement in the right mandibular first molar teeth for 11 days. In the treatment group, vitamin C was administered locally three times with two-days interval after ligature removal. The animals were sacrificed, and the samples were analyzed histometrically and immunohistochemically. Results: CTX, 8-OHdG, and AGE values significantly decreased in the treatment group compared to the D + P group. IL-6 and MMP-8 values decreased in the treatment group compared to the D + P group, but this is not significant. ABL was significantly reduced by the local delivery of vitamin C. Conclusion: This study reveals that vitamin C treatment may be beneficial to reduce serum CTX and gingival MMP-8 levels, oxidative stress, inflammation, and AGE accumulation in periodontal tissue. Vitamin C may be an immunomodulator and antioxidant locally applied in the treatment of periodontitis to reduce the adverse effects of diabetes in periodontal tissues.

Salivary IL-6 and IL-10 levels in subjects with obesity and gingivitis.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the association between cytokines IL-6 and IL-10 in saliva, obesity and periodontal disease. METHODS: The study was carried out in 40 subjects: 20 obese subjects with gingivitis and 20 non-obese subjects with gingivitis (controls). Periodontal parameters such as gingival index (GI) and plaque index (PI) of subjects were recorded. Saliva samples were used for measuring IL-6 and IL-10 levels by ELISA method. RESULTS: Saliva IL-6 levels were significantly higher in obese subjects than those of non-obese subjects (P= 0.002). When total groups were evaluated, negative significant correlation between GI and salivary IL-10 levels (r= -0.452, P= 0.003) and positive correlations between salivary IL-6 level and body mass index (BMI) (r= 0.369, P= 0.019) were found. There was a negative correlation between the GI and salivary IL-10 levels in obese subjects (r= -0.548, P= 0.012). Also there was a positive correlation between the salivary level of IL-6 and IL-10 in obese subjects (r= 0.594, P= 0.006). CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Obesity and adipose tissues can affect periodontal health by altering the levels of IL-6 and IL-10. IL-6 in saliva clearly increased in subjects with obesity compared to subjects without obesity. Also negative correlations between saliva IL-10 levels and GI were found in the total group and obese subjects.

The falling risk and physical fitness in older people.

Aims of this study was to analyze the correlation between the falling risk and their physical fitness, determining the top parameters affecting the falling risk, and preparing an evaluation procedure for the medical department working on this issue for the old people in retirement homes. This study includes 60 persons whose mean age was 73.3+/-6.6 years. Their demographic characteristics, cognitive function, their balance, falling risk and their physical fitness level have been evaluated. A survey has been done to determine their demographic features. The cognitive function was determined using mini-mental state examination (MMSE) test; for falling risk the Berg balance test (BBT) and balance by standing on one foot test were used, and the physical fitness was determined by senior fitness test (SFT). While the BBT correlation between chair stand, arm curl and 2-min step test are positive; but the correlation between BBT and '8-foot up-and-go test' were negative. However, there was no correlation between the BBT and chair sit-and-reach test, back scratch test (p>0.05). Due to the results of logistic regression models in order to find out the variations affecting the falling risk most, it has been showed that '8-foot up-and-go test' was reliable. Additionally the subjects probability performing the '8-foot up-and-go' before 8.14s was OR=11 (95% confidence interval=95%CI=2.25-53.84) times more with maximum 56 points in BBT. We have shown that the falling risk increases with declining of upper and lower extremity muscle strength, aerobic endurance, agility and dynamic balance performance. Agility and dynamic balance performance were mostly relevant with falling risk. We concluded that the old persons' falling risk and physical fitness level should be evaluated in some intervals. According to their falling risks and physical fitness level, the rehabilitation programs should be programmed to decrease their falling risk, and to increase lower and upper extremity muscle strength, aerobic endurance and especially their agility and dynamic balance performance.